2025 Notes: “After Death” Leviticus 16–18 & “Holiness” Leviticus 19–20 2025读经笔记: “死后” 利未记16–18 & “圣洁” 利未记19–20

(ChatGPT was applied for English translation.)

本周两个读经进度被合并。

This week two Torah portions are combined for reading.

利未记 18:29

无论什么人，行了其中可憎的一件事，必从民中剪除。

Leviticus 18:29

For whosoever shall commit any of these abominations, even the souls that commit them shall be cut off from among their people.

2025注释:

“可憎的一件事”，可能包括本章提到的所有的与性行为有关的罪，包括乱伦。

“剪除”，可能短命，绝后，来世无份，参见 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareth

犹太人认为学习圣经对今世来世都有好处：https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/411210?lang=bi

我觉得圣经里防止乱伦的教导就是这样的一个例子, 因为防止乱伦，于今世，有减少遗传疾病的好处，于来世，有避免因被剪除而失去来世之份的好处。

Commentary 2025:

“Any of these abominations” may include all the sins related to sexual acts mentioned in this chapter, including incest.

“Cut off” may mean a shortened life, childlessness, or having no share in the world to come. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareth

Jews believe that studying the Bible benefits in both this world and the next: https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/411210?lang=bi

I think the Bible’s teaching to prevent incest is such an example: in this world, it helps reduce hereditary diseases; in the world to come, it helps avoid losing one’s share by being cut off.

利未记 19:3

你们各人都当孝敬父母，也要守我的安息日。我是耶和华你们的神。

Leviticus 19:3

Ye shall fear every man his mother, and his father, and keep my sabbaths: I am the LORD your God.

2025注释:

Rashi解经这里有很精彩的解释，其中比较了出埃及记20:12孝敬父母的诫命。

另外还提到为什么这里同时提到安息日，因为可以提醒犹太人，不能听父母的话违背安息日，因为后者是记念创世的造物主，是父母自己也当遵守的。

参见 https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Leviticus.19.3?lang=bi

Commentary 2025:

Rashi’s commentary here offers brilliant insights, including a comparison with the commandment to honor parents in Exodus 20:12.

He also explains why the Sabbath is mentioned alongside honoring parents—to remind Jews not to follow their parents’ instructions to violate the Sabbath, since it commemorates the Creator, whom even parents must obey.

See: https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Leviticus.19.3?lang=bi

利未记 19:30

你们要守我的安息日，敬我的圣所。我是耶和华。

Leviticus 19:30

Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary: I am the LORD.

2025注释:

安息日是时间里分别出来敬拜造物主的日子。圣所是空间里分别出来敬拜造物主的地方。造物主是空间与时间的主。

空间里的圣所被外邦人烧毁了，而时间里的圣所（安息日）不但烧不掉，而且还影响了外邦人。现代社会的很多国家都已经按七日的周期设立休息日。盼望更多人使用这时间敬拜造物主。

Commentary 2025:

The Sabbath is the day set apart in time to worship the Creator; the sanctuary is the space set apart to worship Him.

The Creator is Lord of both time and space.

While the spatial sanctuary was burned by Gentiles, the sanctuary in time—the Sabbath—cannot be burned and has even influenced Gentiles. Many modern nations have adopted the seven-day cycle allowing a day of rest. May more people use this time to worship the Creator.

利未记 19:32

在白发的人面前，你要站起来，也要尊敬老人，又要敬畏你的神。我是耶和华。

Leviticus 19:32

Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head, and honour the face of the old man, and fear thy God: I am the LORD.

2025注释:

“面前”，可能是指在四肘（约二米）的距离内相遇时。另外，有些犹太人说，遵行这个命令的频率不应该超过遵行朗读申命记6:4–9节的诫命的频率（“躺下，起来，都要…”），所以每天白天夜里各遵行一次就够了。

另外，家里经常遇见的年老父母可以免除对子女起立的要求。

另外，这条站立的诫命对非犹太人没有具体的要求。

我曾经专门查过犹太人对这条诫命的执行细节如何解释，因为我太太的父亲和我们住一起，他年纪很大，头发白了，在家里经常遇见。

所以我想到这条诫命看似容易执行，但真要执行时也会需要很多的细节。

参考链接:

https://halachipedia.com/index.php?title=Standing_for_Talmidei_Chachamim_and_the_Elderly

https://www.ou.org/life/inspiration/rising-occasion-reviving-practice-standing-honor-ones-parents/

Commentary 2025:

“Before” may mean when encountering someone within four cubits (about two meters). Some Jews say this command should not be observed more frequently than the command to recite Deuteronomy 6:4–9 (“when you lie down and when you rise up”), so once by day and once by night is enough.

Elderly parents frequently encountered at home may absolve their children from the standing requirement.

This command does not apply in the same way to non-Jews.

I once studied the details of how Jews apply this command, because my wife’s father lives with us. He is elderly, with white hair, and we often meet him at home.

So I realized that this command, while seemingly easy, can entail much more details when actually applied.

See:

https://halachipedia.com/index.php?title=Standing_for_Talmidei_Chachamim_and_the_Elderly

https://www.ou.org/life/inspiration/rising-occasion-reviving-practice-standing-honor-ones-parents/

利未记 20:18

妇人有月经，若与她同房，露了她的下体，就是露了妇人的血源，妇人也露了自己的血源，二人必从民中剪除。

Leviticus 20:18

And if a man shall lie with a woman having her sickness, and shall uncover her nakedness; he hath discovered her fountain, and she hath uncovered the fountain of her blood: and both of them shall be cut off from among their people.

2025注释:

“妇人”，包括合法妻子。

“二人”，月经期间同房的双方。

“剪除”，指一种造物主所施行的，而不是地上法庭所能施行的惩罚，但这仍然是一种很严重的惩罚，参见 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareth，

因为可能牵涉到早死，绝后，来世无份。

这种惩罚是针对犹太人而不是适用于外邦人的，而且应该是故意犯的并且不悔改的犹太人才会被剪除，如是无意犯的则需要献赎罪祭。

Commentary 2025:

“Woman” includes a lawful wife.

“Both of them” refers to both parties who engage in intercourse during menstruation.

“Cut off” refers to a punishment administered by the Creator, not earthly courts, but it is still very severe. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareth

It may involve early death, childlessness, or exclusion from the world to come.

This punishment applies to Jews, not Gentiles, and only to those who commit the sin deliberately and without repentance. If unintentional, a sin offering is required.

利未记 20:27

无论男女，是交鬼的或行巫术的，总要治死他们。人必用石头把他们打死，罪要归到他们身上。

Leviticus 20:27

A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them.

2025注释:

前面第6节已经说过：“人偏向交鬼的和行巫术的…我要向那人变脸，把他从民中剪除。”

对比圣经里几种可能被剪除的罪，可以发现，即使是牵涉到被剪除的重罪，也可能有细微的轻重之分：

前面第18节提到的犹太人若故意与月经期间的妻子同房并且不悔改，二人虽然会被剪除，但我没有找到他们应该被法庭判处死刑的经文。
而本处第27节说故意交鬼的和行巫术的犹太人，则可能被判死刑（如有证人们和被预先警告），（否则的话）也可能被剪除，除非悔改。根据Rashi 解经，一般来说：当某种故意犯的罪同时牵涉到剪除与死刑，后者需要有证人们和被预先警告。而在不是故意犯的情况下则要献赎罪祭。参见 https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Leviticus.20.27?lang=bi
又有些罪，除了同时牵涉到剪除与死刑，还另外（在利未记18:29的一般性描述之外）在专门提到时又额外加上了“可憎”的形容词。比如前面13节说“人若与男人苟合…他们二人行了可憎的事…要把他们治死…” 这里虽然没有明说，应该也牵涉到剪除，参见利未记18:22，29。

Commentary 2025:

Verse 6 already said: “I will set my face against that soul, and will cut him off from among his people” regarding those who turn to mediums and wizards.

By comparing sins that may result in being cut off, we can observe gradations in severity:

Verse 18 describes that a Jew who deliberately sleeps with his wife during menstruation and does not repent will be cut off, but I didn’t find a related command for court-imposed execution.
However, verse 27 says that Jews who practice necromancy or sorcery may be executed (if there are witnesses and prior warning), or else be cut off unless they repent. According to Rashi, when a willful sin is liable to both kareth and the death penalty, execution requires witnesses and prior warning. If unintentional, a sin offering is required. See: https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Leviticus.20.27?lang=bi
Some sins are not only liable to both kareth and death but are also specifically labeled “abominations.” For example, verse 13 says, “If a man lie with mankind… they have committed an abomination…” Though kareth is not explicitly stated there, it likely applies, as seen in Leviticus 18:22, 29.